Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at high risk of bacterial or viral respiratory infections, which can worsen their symptoms and trigger respiratory exacerbations....

COPD exacerbations, characterized by an acute worsening of dyspnea and/or cough and sputum volume beyond daily variations, are a public health issue because of their frequency, the number of...

Women are more susceptible to the harmful effects of smoking than men, even with moderate exposure, and this vulnerability begins in childhood. The prevalence of smoking has even increased, in...